1. Proper use of tools

拆裝總成、零、部件聯(lián)接螺栓及各種軸、軸承、齒輪等時，使用合適工具，不允許用鏨子剔打或電、氣焊切割，也不允許用活扳手代替錘子敲打。若必須用錘子擊打時，應墊以軟金屬沖棒或襯板，以防損傷零件或基體。

When disassembling and assembling assemblies, components, connecting bolts, and various shafts, bearings, gears, etc., appropriate tools should be used. It is not allowed to use chisels or electric or gas welding to cut, nor is it allowed to use a wrench to replace a hammer to strike. If it is necessary to strike with a hammer, a soft metal punch or liner should be used to prevent damage to the parts or substrate.

拆裝機件時，避免損傷機件工作表面。能夠使用拉壓工具進行分解和裝配的機件，應使用拉壓工具，不得硬砸或亂敲擊。

When disassembling machinery, avoid damaging the working surface of the machinery. Machine parts that can be disassembled and assembled using tension and compression tools should use tension and compression tools, and should not be forcefully smashed or randomly knocked.

2．總成或零件分解時，應做標記。

When disassembling assemblies or parts, markings should be made.

解體各總成、零部件時，對偶合件、旋轉件和不能互換的零件均應在拆散之前檢查原來有無裝配記號，沒有的應重新做標記(如對高速汽車的輪胎與輪輞安裝位置做記號)，以防裝錯而破壞了原配合或平衡狀態(tài)。常言道：修理匠，怎么拆，怎么裝，不怕缺件時間長，就怕忘記怎樣裝。

When disassembling various assemblies and components, the mating parts, rotating parts, and non interchangeable parts should be checked for assembly marks before disassembly. If not, they should be re marked (such as marking the installation position of tires and rims on high-speed cars) to prevent incorrect installation and damage to the original fit or balance state. As the saying goes, a repairman is not afraid of missing parts for a long time, but also afraid of forgetting how to install them.

有安裝方向要求的，應看好原方向或做上標記，以防裝反。如活塞、氣缸墊、連桿等，做記號非常重要。

For those with installation direction requirements, the original direction should be kept clear or marked to prevent reverse installation. Marking is very important for pistons, cylinder gaskets, connecting rods, etc.

3．零件清洗

3. Parts cleaning

清洗滾動軸承時，清洗液的溫度不應過高。

When cleaning rolling bearings, the temperature of the cleaning solution should not be too high.

下列機件不能用堿性溶液清洗：

The following components cannot be cleaned with alkaline solution:

①橡膠件、油封、非金屬摩擦片等。

① Rubber parts, oil seals, non-metallic friction plates, etc.

②各種膠木齒輪和塑料零件、鋁合金、鋅合金等件。

② Various rubber wood gears and plastic parts, aluminum alloys, zinc alloys, and other components.

機件經(jīng)化學溶液清洗后，應用凈水反復沖洗，以洗凈表面化學溶液。總成、零件清洗后，應用干凈試布擦凈或用壓縮空氣吹干。

After cleaning the parts with a chemical solution, they should be repeatedly rinsed with clean water to clean the surface chemical solution. After cleaning the assembly and parts, they should be wiped clean with a clean cloth or dried with compressed air.

零件清洗后，應防止碰傷精加工表面，不急于裝配的應涂上保護層，以防銹蝕。

After cleaning the parts, it is necessary to prevent damage to the precision machining surface. If there is no rush to assemble, a protective layer should be applied to prevent rust and corrosion.

油管、氣管的內部應徹底清洗干凈，以保證管路暢通。安裝管接頭時，不允許纏繞棉紗等物，以防堵塞管道。

The interior of the oil pipe and trachea should be thoroughly cleaned to ensure smooth operation of the pipeline. When installing pipe joints, it is not allowed to wrap cotton yarn or other materials to prevent blockage of the pipeline.

4．螺栓(母)的緊固

4. Tightening of bolts (nuts)

有力矩要求的螺栓，應按修理或使用說明書規(guī)定的力矩或擰緊操作要求擰緊。

Bolts with torque requirements should be tightened according to the torque or tightening operation requirements specified in the repair or user manual.

裝復螺栓、螺母時，按需要加裝與螺栓直徑相一致的墊圈，墊圈內徑不能過大。

When reinstalling bolts and nuts, add washers with the same diameter as the bolts as needed, and the inner diameter of the washers should not be too large.

裝復螺栓的長度應適當，不能露出過長或旋人部分過短，應將螺孔內的油、水、雜物清理干凈后，再擰上螺栓。

The length of the reassembled bolt should be appropriate, and it should not expose too long or the threaded part too short. The oil, water, and debris in the screw hole should be cleaned before tightening the bolt.

技術要求較高部位處的螺栓、螺母，應仔細檢查其螺紋狀況及自鎖能力好壞，不能任意用其他螺栓(母)代替。

For bolts and nuts with high technical requirements, their thread condition and self-locking ability should be carefully checked, and other bolts (nuts) should not be used arbitrarily to replace them.

用數(shù)個螺栓聯(lián)接的結合面，在裝配時應按規(guī)定的先后次序，分數(shù)次且用不同的力矩擰緊，無特殊要求的，一般應交叉對稱且均勻地擰緊，不要先將某個螺栓(母)一次擰緊，以防零件變形或結合不緊。

The joint surface connected by several bolts should be tightened in the specified order and with different torques. If there are no special requirements, it should be tightened symmetrically and evenly. Do not tighten one bolt (nut) at a time first to prevent deformation or loose connection of the parts.

鎖止可靠。用鎖銷來鎖止的螺栓應注意鎖銷直徑與鎖孔內徑配合適當，將鎖銷的一片扣在螺母的方平面上，不能彎扣在螺栓端頭上。若用鐵絲鎖緊時，應按方向將鎖線拉緊并鎖好。鍍銅或自鎖的螺栓、螺母，不能多次反復使用，以防鎖止失效。

Reliable locking. When locking bolts with locking pins, attention should be paid to the appropriate match between the diameter of the locking pin and the inner diameter of the locking hole. One piece of the locking pin should be fastened to the square plane of the nut and not bent onto the bolt end. When locking with iron wire, the locking wire should be pulled and locked in the direction. Copper plated or self-locking bolts and nuts should not be used repeatedly to prevent locking failure.

5．聯(lián)接件的拆卸

5. Disassembly of connecting components

拆卸螺紋聯(lián)接件時，應注意螺紋的旋向，對于多螺栓聯(lián)接件，還應注意其拆卸順序。雙頭螺栓可在螺桿上擰緊兩螺母，然后用扳手拆卸。對于生銹螺栓可采用反復進退方法、錘子敲擊法、煤油浸泡法或噴燈加熱法等進行拆卸。拆卸螺紋聯(lián)接時，不能隨便增加接力桿，以防螺栓被擰斷。出現(xiàn)斷頭螺栓時，若其斷頭高出基體，可將高出端銼成方形或焊上一個螺母將其擰出；若斷頭在機體內，可在螺栓端部鉆一個小于螺栓直徑的孔，然后敲入一方?jīng)_或攻反扣螺紋后用絲錐或反扣螺栓將斷頭螺栓擰出。

When disassembling threaded connectors, attention should be paid to the direction of thread rotation. For multi bolt connectors, the disassembly sequence should also be noted. Double headed bolts can be tightened with two nuts on the screw and then disassembled with a wrench. Rusty bolts can be disassembled using methods such as repeated forward and backward movement, hammering, kerosene immersion, or spray heating. When disassembling threaded connections, do not add a relay rod casually to prevent the bolt from being twisted off. When a broken bolt occurs, if its broken end is higher than the substrate, the protruding end can be filed into a square or welded with a nut to screw it out; If the broken head is inside the body, a hole smaller than the diameter of the bolt can be drilled at the end of the bolt, and then a square punch or counter threaded thread can be tapped or counterthreaded before using a tap or counter threaded bolt to unscrew the broken head bolt.

過盈配合件的拆卸，應盡量采用拉壓器等專用工具拆卸。無專用工具時，可墊軟金屬或木塊進行敲擊拆卸。不允許用錘子直接敲擊零件表面，以防零件被敲壞。

The disassembly of interference fit parts should be carried out using special tools such as tension and compression tools as much as possible. When there are no specialized tools available, soft metal or wooden blocks can be used to knock and disassemble. It is not allowed to directly strike the surface of the parts with a hammer to prevent them from being damaged.

拆卸鉚接件時，一般在修理中不拆，若出現(xiàn)鉚釘松動或需要換鉚接零件，可將鉚釘鉆掉或鏨去。

When disassembling riveted parts, they are generally not removed during repair. If the rivets become loose or need to be replaced, the rivets can be drilled or chiseled off.

6．油封、襯墊的安裝

6. Installation of oil seals and gaskets

注意轉軸與油封孔的同軸度，襯墊的材料和厚度均要符合要求，以防松曠或密封不良。另外，油封的選擇要符合要求。

Pay attention to the coaxiality between the shaft and the oil seal hole, and ensure that the material and thickness of the gasket meet the requirements to prevent looseness or poor sealing. In addition, the selection of oil seals should meet the requirements.

密封襯墊厚度要適當，使安裝完畢之后，既能完成封油作用，又能不使有關零件出現(xiàn)松曠或變形。

The thickness of the sealing gasket should be appropriate, so that after installation, it can not only complete the sealing effect, but also prevent the relevant parts from becoming loose or deformed.